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FUSE
As a golang project, go-ipfs is easily downloaded and installed with go get github.com/jbenet/go-ipfs. All data is stored in a leveldb data store in ~/.go-ipfs/datastore. If, however, you would like to mount the datastore (ipfs mount /ipfs) and use it as you would a normal filesystem, you will need to install fuse.
As a precursor, you will have to create the /ipfs and /ipns directories explicitly. Note that modifying root requires sudo permissions.
# make the directories
sudo mkdir /ipfs
sudo mkdir /ipns
# chown them so ipfs can use them without root permissions
sudo chown <username> /ipfs
sudo chown <username> /ipns
Mac OSX -- OSXFUSE
It has been discovered that versions of osxfuse prior to 2.7.0 will cause a kernel panic. For everyone's sake, please upgrade (latest at time of writing is 2.7.4). The installer can be found at https://osxfuse.github.io/. There is also a homebrew formula (brew install osxfuse) but users report best results installing from the official OSXFUSE installer package.
Note that ipfs attempts an automatic version check on osxfuse to prevent you from shooting yourself in the foot if you have pre 2.7.0. Since checking the OSXFUSE version [is more complicated than it should be], running ipfs mount may require you to install another binary:
go get github.com/jbenet/go-fuse-version/fuse-version
If you run into any problems installing FUSE or mounting IPFS, hop on IRC and speak with us, or if you figure something new out, please add to this document!
Linux
Install fuse with your favorite package manager:
sudo apt-get install fuse
Then change permissions on the fuse config:
sudo chown <username>:<groupname> /etc/fuse.conf
(note <groupname> should probably be fuse)
Troubleshooting
If the mount command crashes and your mountpoint gets stuck:
sudo umount /ipfs
sudo umount /ipns
If you manage to mount on other systems (or followed an alternative path to one above), please contribute to these docs :D