diff --git a/tig-benchmarker/tig_benchmarker/extensions/difficulty_sampler.py b/tig-benchmarker/tig_benchmarker/extensions/difficulty_sampler.py
index 0cd73825..3a9e4c91 100644
--- a/tig-benchmarker/tig_benchmarker/extensions/difficulty_sampler.py
+++ b/tig-benchmarker/tig_benchmarker/extensions/difficulty_sampler.py
@@ -67,47 +67,67 @@ def calc_valid_difficulties(upper_frontier: List[Point], lower_frontier: List[Po
     valid_difficulties = np.stack(np.where(weights), axis=1) + min_difficulty
     return valid_difficulties.tolist()
 
-def calc_pareto_frontier(points: List[Point]) -> Frontier:
-    """
-    Calculates a single Pareto frontier from a list of points
-    Adapted from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32791911/fast-calculation-of-pareto-front-in-python
-    """
-    points_ = points
-    points = np.array(points)
-    frontier_idxs = np.arange(points.shape[0])
-    n_points = points.shape[0]
-    next_point_index = 0  # Next index in the frontier_idxs array to search for
-    while next_point_index < len(points):
-        nondominated_point_mask = np.any(points < points[next_point_index], axis=1)
-        nondominated_point_mask[np.all(points == points[next_point_index], axis=1)] = True
-        frontier_idxs = frontier_idxs[nondominated_point_mask]  # Remove dominated points
-        points = points[nondominated_point_mask]
-        next_point_index = np.sum(nondominated_point_mask[:next_point_index]) + 1
-    return [points_[idx] for idx in frontier_idxs]
+def calc_pareto_frontier(points: List[Point]) -> Tuple[Frontier, List[bool]]:
+    if not points:
+        return [], []
+
+    indices                     = list(range(len(points)))
+    indices.sort(key=lambda i: (points[i][1], points[i][0]))
+    
+    on_front                    = [True] * len(points)
+    stack                       = []
+    
+    for curr_idx in indices:
+        while stack and points[stack[-1]][0] > points[curr_idx][0]:
+            stack.pop()
+
+        if stack and points[stack[-1]][0] <= points[curr_idx][0]:
+            on_front[curr_idx]  = False
+            
+        stack.append(curr_idx)
+
+    i                           = 0
+    while i < len(indices):
+        j                       = i + 1
+        while j < len(indices) and points[indices[j]][1] == points[indices[i]][1]:
+            j                   += 1
+
+        if j - i > 1:
+            min_x_idx           = min(indices[i:j], key=lambda k: points[k][0])
+            for k in indices[i:j]:
+                if k != min_x_idx:
+                    on_front[k] = False
+                    
+        i                       = j
+    
+    frontier                    = [points[i] for i in range(len(points)) if on_front[i]]
+    
+    return frontier, on_front
+
 
 def calc_all_frontiers(points: List[Point]) -> List[Frontier]:
     """
     Calculates a list of Pareto frontiers from a list of points
     """
-    buckets = {}
-    r = np.max(points, axis=0) - np.min(points, axis=0) 
-    dim1, dim2 = (1, 0) if r[0] > r[1] else (0, 1)
-    for p in points:
-        if p[dim1] not in buckets:
-            buckets[p[dim1]] = []
-        buckets[p[dim1]].append(p)
-    for bucket in buckets.values():
-        bucket.sort(reverse=True, key=lambda x: x[dim2])
-    frontiers = []
-    while len(buckets) > 0:
-        points = [bucket[-1] for bucket in buckets.values()]
-        frontier = calc_pareto_frontier(points)
-        for p in frontier:
-            x = p[dim1]
-            buckets[x].pop()
-            if len(buckets[x]) == 0:
-                buckets.pop(x)
+    if not points:
+        return []
+    
+    frontiers                   = []
+    remaining_points            = None
+    
+    while True:
+        points_                 = remaining_points if remaining_points is not None else points
+        frontier, on_front      = calc_pareto_frontier(points_)
+
         frontiers.append(frontier)
+        
+        # Get remaining points not on frontier
+        remaining_points        = [points_[i] for i in range(len(points_)) if not on_front[i]]
+        
+        # Break if no more points to process
+        if not remaining_points:
+            break
+            
     return frontiers
 
 @dataclass
diff --git a/tig-protocol/Cargo.toml b/tig-protocol/Cargo.toml
index afa5ed2a..bd06866d 100644
--- a/tig-protocol/Cargo.toml
+++ b/tig-protocol/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ hex = "0.4.3"
 rand = "0.8.4"
 serde = { version = "1.0.196", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = { version = "1.0.113" }
+tokio = { version = "1.41.1", features = ["full"] }
 tig-structs = { path = "../tig-structs" }
 tig-utils = { path = "../tig-utils", features = ["web3"] }
 
diff --git a/tig-protocol/src/contracts/benchmarks.rs b/tig-protocol/src/contracts/benchmarks.rs
index e9d6110f..3625fbd1 100644
--- a/tig-protocol/src/contracts/benchmarks.rs
+++ b/tig-protocol/src/contracts/benchmarks.rs
@@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ pub async fn submit_precommit<T: Context>(
     };
     if lower_frontier
         .iter()
-        .any(|lower_point| difficulty.pareto_compare(lower_point) == ParetoCompare::BDominatesA)
-        || upper_frontier
-            .iter()
-            .any(|upper_point| difficulty.pareto_compare(upper_point) == ParetoCompare::ADominatesB)
+        .any(|lower_point| pareto_compare(difficulty, lower_point) == ParetoCompare::BDominatesA)
+        || upper_frontier.iter().any(|upper_point| {
+            pareto_compare(difficulty, upper_point) == ParetoCompare::ADominatesB
+        })
     {
         return Err(anyhow!("Invalid difficulty. Out of bounds"));
     }
diff --git a/tig-protocol/src/contracts/opow.rs b/tig-protocol/src/contracts/opow.rs
index 9c156034..98a7d5f8 100644
--- a/tig-protocol/src/contracts/opow.rs
+++ b/tig-protocol/src/contracts/opow.rs
@@ -124,7 +124,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn update(cache: &mut AddBlockCache) {
             .map(|(settings, _)| settings.difficulty.clone())
             .collect::<Frontier>();
         let mut frontier_indexes = HashMap::<Point, usize>::new();
-        for (frontier_index, frontier) in pareto_algorithm(points, false).into_iter().enumerate() {
+        for (frontier_index, frontier) in pareto_algorithm(&points, false).into_iter().enumerate()
+        {
             for point in frontier {
                 frontier_indexes.insert(point, frontier_index);
             }
@@ -205,19 +206,26 @@ pub(crate) async fn update(cache: &mut AddBlockCache) {
             let scaled_frontier = base_frontier.clone();
             (base_frontier, scaling_factor, scaled_frontier)
         } else {
-            let base_frontier = pareto_algorithm(points, true)
+            let mut base_frontier = pareto_algorithm(&points, true)
                 .pop()
                 .unwrap()
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|d| d.into_iter().map(|x| -x).collect())
-                .collect::<Frontier>() // mirror the points back;
-                .extend(&min_difficulty, &max_difficulty);
+                .collect::<Frontier>(); // mirror the points back;
+
+            base_frontier = extend_frontier(&base_frontier, &min_difficulty, &max_difficulty);
             let scaling_factor = (challenge_data.num_qualifiers as f64
                 / config.opow.total_qualifiers_threshold as f64)
                 .min(config.challenges.max_scaling_factor);
-            let scaled_frontier = base_frontier
-                .scale(&min_difficulty, &max_difficulty, scaling_factor)
-                .extend(&min_difficulty, &max_difficulty);
+
+            let mut scaled_frontier = scale_frontier(
+                &base_frontier,
+                &min_difficulty,
+                &max_difficulty,
+                scaling_factor,
+            );
+            scaled_frontier = extend_frontier(&scaled_frontier, &min_difficulty, &max_difficulty);
+
             (base_frontier, scaling_factor, scaled_frontier)
         };
 
@@ -340,51 +348,3 @@ pub(crate) async fn update(cache: &mut AddBlockCache) {
         data.influence = influence;
     }
 }
-
-fn find_smallest_range_dimension(points: &Frontier) -> usize {
-    (0..2)
-        .min_by_key(|&d| {
-            let (min, max) = points
-                .iter()
-                .map(|p| p[d])
-                .fold((i32::MAX, i32::MIN), |(min, max), val| {
-                    (min.min(val), max.max(val))
-                });
-            max - min
-        })
-        .unwrap()
-}
-
-fn pareto_algorithm(points: Frontier, only_one: bool) -> Vec<Frontier> {
-    if points.is_empty() {
-        return Vec::new();
-    }
-    let dimension = find_smallest_range_dimension(&points);
-    let sort_dimension = 1 - dimension;
-
-    let mut buckets: HashMap<i32, Vec<Point>> = HashMap::new();
-    for point in points {
-        buckets.entry(point[dimension]).or_default().push(point);
-    }
-    for (_, group) in buckets.iter_mut() {
-        // sort descending
-        group.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| b[sort_dimension].cmp(&a[sort_dimension]));
-    }
-    let mut result = Vec::new();
-    while !buckets.is_empty() {
-        let points: HashSet<Point> = buckets.values().map(|group| group[0].clone()).collect();
-        let frontier = points.pareto_frontier();
-        for point in frontier.iter() {
-            let bucket = buckets.get_mut(&point[dimension]).unwrap();
-            bucket.remove(0);
-            if bucket.is_empty() {
-                buckets.remove(&point[dimension]);
-            }
-        }
-        result.push(frontier);
-        if only_one {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    result
-}
diff --git a/tig-utils/src/frontiers.rs b/tig-utils/src/frontiers.rs
index 73526bbc..bb55baf5 100644
--- a/tig-utils/src/frontiers.rs
+++ b/tig-utils/src/frontiers.rs
@@ -1,219 +1,290 @@
-use rand::Rng;
+// optimized pareto impl
 use std::cmp::min;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-
 pub type Point = Vec<i32>;
-pub type Frontier<P = Point> = HashSet<P>;
+pub type Frontier = Vec<Point>;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub enum PointCompareFrontiers {
-    Below,
-    Within,
-    Above,
+fn is_pareto_front_2d(costs: &Vec<Vec<i32>>) -> Vec<bool> {
+    let n_observations = costs.len();
+    if n_observations == 0 {
+        return vec![];
+    }
+
+    let mut indices: Vec<usize> = (0..n_observations).collect();
+
+    // sort by y, then x
+    indices.sort_by(|&a, &b| {
+        costs[a][1]
+            .cmp(&costs[b][1])
+            .then(costs[a][0].cmp(&costs[b][0]))
+    });
+
+    let mut on_front = vec![true; n_observations];
+    let mut stack = Vec::new();
+
+    // First pass: check dominance based on x-coordinate
+    for &curr_idx in &indices {
+        while let Some(&top_idx) = stack.last() {
+            let cost1: &Vec<i32> = &costs[top_idx];
+            let cost2: &Vec<i32> = &costs[curr_idx];
+
+            if cost1[0] <= cost2[0] {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            stack.pop();
+        }
+
+        if let Some(&top_idx) = stack.last() {
+            let cost1: &Vec<i32> = &costs[top_idx];
+            let cost2: &Vec<i32> = &costs[curr_idx];
+
+            if cost1[0] <= cost2[0] {
+                on_front[curr_idx] = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        stack.push(curr_idx);
+    }
+
+    // Second pass: handle points with equal y-coordinates
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < indices.len() {
+        let mut j = i + 1;
+        while j < indices.len() && costs[indices[j]][1] == costs[indices[i]][1] {
+            j += 1;
+        }
+
+        if j - i > 1 {
+            let min_x_idx = indices[i..j].iter().min_by_key(|&&k| costs[k][0]).unwrap();
+
+            for &k in &indices[i..j] {
+                if k != *min_x_idx {
+                    on_front[k] = false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        i = j;
+    }
+
+    return on_front;
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub fn is_pareto_front(
+    costs: &Vec<Vec<i32>>,
+    assume_unique_lexsorted: bool,
+    pre_sorted_along_x: Option<bool>,
+) -> Vec<bool> {
+    let apply_unique = !assume_unique_lexsorted;
+    let (unique_costs, order_inv) = if apply_unique {
+        let (unique, indices) = unique_with_indices(costs);
+
+        (Some(unique), Some(indices))
+    } else {
+        (None, None)
+    };
+
+    let on_front = if unique_costs.is_some() {
+        is_pareto_front_2d(&unique_costs.unwrap())
+    } else {
+        is_pareto_front_2d(costs)
+    };
+
+    if let Some(inv) = order_inv {
+        return inv.iter().map(|&i| on_front[i]).collect();
+    }
+
+    return on_front;
+}
+
+// will be about 1.3x faster if we use this and cache it somehow instead of calling it repeatedely on the same points
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+pub fn unique_with_indices(arr: &Vec<Vec<i32>>) -> (Vec<Vec<i32>>, Vec<usize>) {
+    let n = arr.len();
+    let mut unique = Vec::with_capacity(n);
+    let mut indices = Vec::with_capacity(n);
+    let mut seen = HashMap::with_capacity(n);
+
+    for (i, point) in arr.iter().enumerate() {
+        if let Some(&idx) = seen.get(point) {
+            indices.push(idx);
+        } else {
+            seen.insert(point, unique.len());
+            unique.push(point.clone());
+            indices.push(unique.len() - 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return (unique, indices);
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 pub enum ParetoCompare {
     ADominatesB,
     Equal,
     BDominatesA,
 }
 
-pub trait PointOps {
-    type Point;
-
-    fn pareto_compare(&self, other: &Self) -> ParetoCompare;
-    fn scale(&self, min_point: &Self, max_point: &Self, multiplier: f64) -> Self::Point;
-    fn within(
-        &self,
-        lower_frontier: &Frontier<Self::Point>,
-        upper_frontier: &Frontier<Self::Point>,
-    ) -> PointCompareFrontiers;
-}
-pub trait FrontierOps {
-    type Point;
-
-    fn pareto_frontier(&self) -> Frontier<Self::Point>;
-    fn extend(&self, min_point: &Self::Point, max_point: &Self::Point) -> Frontier<Self::Point>;
-    fn scale(
-        &self,
-        min_point: &Self::Point,
-        max_point: &Self::Point,
-        multiplier: f64,
-    ) -> Frontier<Self::Point>;
-    fn sample<T: Rng>(&self, rng: &mut T) -> Self::Point;
-}
-
-impl PointOps for Point {
-    type Point = Point;
-
-    fn pareto_compare(&self, other: &Self) -> ParetoCompare {
-        let mut a_dominate_b = false;
-        let mut b_dominate_a = false;
-        for (a_val, b_val) in self.iter().zip(other) {
-            if a_val < b_val {
-                b_dominate_a = true;
-            } else if a_val > b_val {
-                a_dominate_b = true;
-            }
-        }
-        if a_dominate_b == b_dominate_a {
-            ParetoCompare::Equal
-        } else if a_dominate_b {
-            ParetoCompare::ADominatesB
-        } else {
-            ParetoCompare::BDominatesA
+pub fn pareto_compare(point: &Point, other: &Point) -> ParetoCompare {
+    let mut a_dominate_b = false;
+    let mut b_dominate_a = false;
+    for (a_val, b_val) in point.iter().zip(other) {
+        if a_val < b_val {
+            b_dominate_a = true;
+        } else if a_val > b_val {
+            a_dominate_b = true;
         }
     }
-    fn scale(
-        &self,
-        min_point: &Self::Point,
-        max_point: &Self::Point,
-        multiplier: f64,
-    ) -> Self::Point {
-        self.iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(|(i, value)| {
-                // Calculate the offset for the current dimension
-                let offset = ((value - min_point[i] + 1) as f64) * multiplier;
-                // Scale the point and clamp it between min_point and max_point
-                (min_point[i] + offset.ceil() as i32 - 1).clamp(min_point[i], max_point[i])
-            })
-            .collect()
+
+    if a_dominate_b == b_dominate_a {
+        return ParetoCompare::Equal;
+    } else if a_dominate_b {
+        return ParetoCompare::ADominatesB;
+    } else {
+        return ParetoCompare::BDominatesA;
     }
-    fn within(
-        &self,
-        lower_frontier: &Frontier<Self::Point>,
-        upper_frontier: &Frontier<Self::Point>,
-    ) -> PointCompareFrontiers {
-        // Check if the point is not dominated by any point in the lower frontier
-        if lower_frontier
-            .iter()
-            .any(|lower_point| self.pareto_compare(lower_point) == ParetoCompare::BDominatesA)
-        {
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub enum PointCompareFrontiers {
+    Below,
+    Within,
+    Above,
+}
+
+pub fn pareto_within(
+    point: &Point,
+    lower_frontier: &Frontier,
+    upper_frontier: &Frontier,
+) -> PointCompareFrontiers {
+    for point_ in lower_frontier.iter() {
+        if pareto_compare(point, point_) == ParetoCompare::BDominatesA {
             return PointCompareFrontiers::Below;
         }
+    }
 
-        // Check if the point does not dominate any point in the upper frontier
-        if upper_frontier
-            .iter()
-            .any(|upper_point| self.pareto_compare(upper_point) == ParetoCompare::ADominatesB)
-        {
+    for point_ in upper_frontier.iter() {
+        if pareto_compare(point, point_) == ParetoCompare::ADominatesB {
             return PointCompareFrontiers::Above;
         }
-
-        PointCompareFrontiers::Within
     }
+
+    return PointCompareFrontiers::Within;
 }
 
-impl FrontierOps for Frontier {
-    type Point = Point;
+pub fn scale_point(point: &Point, min_point: &Point, max_point: &Point, multiplier: f64) -> Point {
+    return point
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, value)| {
+            let offset = ((value - min_point[i] + 1) as f64) * multiplier;
+            (min_point[i] + offset.ceil() as i32 - 1).clamp(min_point[i], max_point[i])
+        })
+        .collect();
+}
 
-    fn pareto_frontier(&self) -> Frontier<Self::Point> {
-        let mut frontier = self.clone();
-
-        for point in self.iter() {
-            if !frontier.contains(point) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            let mut dominated_points = HashSet::new();
-            for other_point in frontier.iter() {
-                match point.pareto_compare(other_point) {
-                    ParetoCompare::ADominatesB => {
-                        dominated_points.insert(other_point.clone());
-                    }
-                    ParetoCompare::BDominatesA => {
-                        dominated_points.insert(point.clone());
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    ParetoCompare::Equal => {}
-                }
-            }
-            frontier = frontier.difference(&dominated_points).cloned().collect();
-        }
-
-        frontier
+pub fn scale_frontier(
+    frontier: &Frontier,
+    min_point: &Point,
+    max_point: &Point,
+    multiplier: f64,
+) -> Frontier {
+    if frontier.is_empty() {
+        return vec![];
     }
-    fn extend(&self, min_point: &Self::Point, max_point: &Self::Point) -> Frontier<Self::Point> {
-        let mut frontier = self.clone();
-        (0..min_point.len()).into_iter().for_each(|i| {
-            let mut d = min_point.clone();
-            if let Some(v) = frontier.iter().map(|d| d[i]).max() {
-                d[i] = v;
-            }
-            if !frontier.contains(&d) {
-                d[i] = min(d[i] + 1, max_point[i]);
-                frontier.insert(d);
-            }
-        });
-        frontier
+
+    let scaled_frontier = frontier
+        .iter()
+        .map(|point| scale_point(&point, min_point, max_point, multiplier))
+        .collect();
+
+    if multiplier > 1.0 {
+        return pareto_frontier(&scaled_frontier);
     }
-    fn scale(
-        &self,
-        min_point: &Self::Point,
-        max_point: &Self::Point,
-        multiplier: f64,
-    ) -> Frontier<Self::Point> {
-        let frontier: Frontier<Self::Point> = self
+
+    let mirrored_frontier = scaled_frontier
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|d| d.iter().map(|x| -x).collect()) // mirror the points so easiest difficulties are first
+        .collect::<Frontier>();
+
+    return pareto_frontier(&mirrored_frontier)
+        .iter()
+        .map(|d| d.iter().map(|x| -x).collect())
+        .collect();
+}
+
+pub fn pareto_algorithm(points: &Vec<Vec<i32>>, only_one: bool) -> Vec<Vec<Point>> {
+    if points.len() == 0 {
+        return vec![];
+    }
+
+    let points_inverted = points
+        .iter()
+        .map(|d| d.iter().map(|x| -x).collect())
+        .collect::<Vec<Point>>();
+
+    let mut frontiers = Vec::new();
+    let (mut remaining_points, indices) = unique_with_indices(&points_inverted);
+
+    //remaining_points.sort_by(|a, b| a[0].cmp(&b[0]));
+
+    while true {
+        let on_front = is_pareto_front(&remaining_points, true, Some(true));
+
+        // Extract frontier points
+        let frontier: Vec<_> = remaining_points
             .iter()
-            .map(|point| point.scale(min_point, max_point, multiplier))
+            .zip(on_front.iter())
+            .filter(|(_, &is_front)| is_front)
+            .map(|(point, _)| point.to_vec())
             .collect();
-        if multiplier > 1.0 {
-            frontier.pareto_frontier()
-        } else {
-            frontier
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|d| d.iter().map(|x| -x).collect()) // mirror the points so easiest difficulties are first
+
+        frontiers.push(frontier);
+
+        let new_points: Vec<_> = remaining_points
+            .iter()
+            .zip(on_front.iter())
+            .filter(|(_, &is_front)| !is_front)
+            .map(|(point, _)| point.to_vec())
+            .collect();
+
+        if new_points.is_empty() {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        remaining_points = new_points;
+
+        if only_one {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return frontiers
+        .iter()
+        .map(|d| {
+            d.iter()
+                .map(|x| x.iter().map(|y| -y).collect())
                 .collect::<Frontier>()
-                .pareto_frontier()
-                .iter()
-                .map(|d| d.iter().map(|x| -x).collect())
-                .collect()
-        }
-    }
-    fn sample<R: Rng>(&self, rng: &mut R) -> Self::Point {
-        // FIXME only works for 2 dimensional points
-        // Potential strategy for >2d: triangulate -> sample triangle -> sample point in triangle
-        match self.iter().next() {
-            None => panic!("Frontier is empty"),
-            Some(point) => {
-                if point.len() != 2 {
-                    panic!("Only 2 dimensional points are supported");
-                }
-            }
-        };
-        // randomly pick a dimension
-        let dim = (rng.next_u32() % 2) as usize;
-        let dim2 = (dim + 1) % 2;
-
-        // sort points by that dimension
-        let mut sorted_points: Vec<&Point> = self.iter().collect();
-        sorted_points.sort_by(|a, b| a[dim].cmp(&b[dim]));
-
-        // sample value in that dimension
-        let min_v = sorted_points.first().unwrap()[dim];
-        let max_v = sorted_points.last().unwrap()[dim];
-        let rand_v = rng.gen_range(min_v..=max_v);
-
-        // interpolate value in the other dimension
-        match sorted_points.binary_search_by(|point| point[dim].cmp(&rand_v)) {
-            Ok(idx) => sorted_points[idx].clone(),
-            Err(idx) => {
-                let a = sorted_points[idx - 1];
-                let b = sorted_points[idx];
-                let ratio = (rand_v - a[dim]) as f64 / (b[dim] - a[dim]) as f64;
-                let rand_v2 = (a[dim2] as f64 + ratio * (b[dim2] - a[dim2]) as f64).ceil() as i32;
-                // a is smaller than b in dim, but larger in dim2
-                if rand_v2 == a[dim2] {
-                    a.clone()
-                } else {
-                    (0..2)
-                        .into_iter()
-                        .map(|i| if i == dim { rand_v } else { rand_v2 })
-                        .collect()
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
+        })
+        .collect();
+}
+
+pub fn pareto_frontier(frontier: &Frontier) -> Frontier {
+    return pareto_algorithm(frontier, true).first().unwrap().to_vec();
+}
+
+pub fn extend_frontier(frontier: &Frontier, min_point: &Point, max_point: &Point) -> Frontier {
+    let mut frontier = frontier.clone();
+    (0..min_point.len()).into_iter().for_each(|i| {
+        let mut d = min_point.clone();
+        if let Some(v) = frontier.iter().map(|d| d[i]).max() {
+            d[i] = v;
+        }
+        if !frontier.contains(&d) {
+            d[i] = min(d[i] + 1, max_point[i]);
+            frontier.push(d);
+        }
+    });
+
+    return frontier;
 }
diff --git a/tig-utils/src/lib.rs b/tig-utils/src/lib.rs
index 834cc9b7..ff95f599 100644
--- a/tig-utils/src/lib.rs
+++ b/tig-utils/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 mod eth;
 pub use eth::*;
-mod frontiers;
-pub use frontiers::*;
 mod hash;
 pub use hash::*;
 mod json;
@@ -14,3 +12,5 @@ pub use number::*;
 mod request;
 #[cfg(any(feature = "request", feature = "request-js"))]
 pub use request::*;
+mod frontiers;
+pub use frontiers::*;
diff --git a/tig-utils/tests/frontiers.rs b/tig-utils/tests/frontiers.rs
index ddaa8a38..22fded0d 100644
--- a/tig-utils/tests/frontiers.rs
+++ b/tig-utils/tests/frontiers.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,24 @@
-use tig_utils::{Frontier, FrontierOps, ParetoCompare, PointCompareFrontiers, PointOps};
+use tig_utils::{
+    extend_frontier, pareto_compare, pareto_frontier, pareto_within, scale_frontier, scale_point,
+    Frontier, ParetoCompare, PointCompareFrontiers,
+};
 
 #[test]
 fn test_pareto_compare() {
-    assert_eq!(vec![1, 0].pareto_compare(&vec![1, 0]), ParetoCompare::Equal);
-    assert_eq!(vec![1, 0].pareto_compare(&vec![0, 1]), ParetoCompare::Equal);
     assert_eq!(
-        vec![1, 1].pareto_compare(&vec![0, 1]),
+        pareto_compare(&vec![1, 0], &vec![1, 0]),
+        ParetoCompare::Equal
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        pareto_compare(&vec![0, 1], &vec![0, 1]),
+        ParetoCompare::Equal
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        pareto_compare(&vec![1, 1], &vec![0, 1]),
         ParetoCompare::ADominatesB
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        vec![1, 0].pareto_compare(&vec![1, 1]),
+        pareto_compare(&vec![1, 0], &vec![1, 1]),
         ParetoCompare::BDominatesA
     );
 }
@@ -29,8 +38,8 @@ fn test_pareto_frontier() {
     .into_iter()
     .collect();
     assert_eq!(
-        points.pareto_frontier(),
-        vec![vec![2, 2], vec![3, 1], vec![1, 3]]
+        pareto_frontier(&points),
+        vec![vec![3, 1], vec![2, 2], vec![1, 3]]
             .into_iter()
             .collect::<Frontier>()
     );
@@ -40,11 +49,11 @@ fn test_pareto_frontier() {
 fn test_scale_point() {
     // ceil((x - min + 1) * multiplier)
     assert_eq!(
-        vec![3, 1].scale(&vec![0, 0], &vec![10, 10], 1.2),
+        scale_point(&vec![3, 1], &vec![0, 0], &vec![10, 10], 1.2),
         vec![4, 2]
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        vec![6, 2].scale(&vec![0, 0], &vec![10, 10], 0.7),
+        scale_point(&vec![6, 2], &vec![0, 0], &vec![10, 10], 0.7),
         vec![4, 2]
     );
 }
@@ -55,13 +64,13 @@ fn test_scale_frontier() {
         .into_iter()
         .collect();
     assert_eq!(
-        frontier.scale(&vec![0, 0], &vec![10, 10], 1.2),
+        scale_frontier(&frontier, &vec![0, 0], &vec![10, 10], 1.2),
         vec![vec![4, 2], vec![3, 3], vec![1, 5]]
             .into_iter()
             .collect::<Frontier>()
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        frontier.scale(&vec![0, 0], &vec![10, 10], 0.6),
+        scale_frontier(&frontier, &vec![0, 0], &vec![10, 10], 0.6),
         vec![vec![1, 1], vec![0, 2]]
             .into_iter()
             .collect::<Frontier>()
@@ -74,8 +83,8 @@ fn test_extend() {
         .into_iter()
         .collect();
     assert_eq!(
-        frontier.extend(&vec![0, 0], &vec![10, 10]),
-        vec![vec![4, 0], vec![3, 1], vec![2, 2], vec![0, 4]]
+        extend_frontier(&frontier, &vec![0, 0], &vec![10, 10]),
+        vec![vec![3, 1], vec![2, 2], vec![0, 4], vec![4, 0]]
             .into_iter()
             .collect::<Frontier>()
     );
@@ -90,19 +99,19 @@ fn test_within() {
         .into_iter()
         .collect();
     assert_eq!(
-        vec![4, 4].within(&frontier1, &frontier2),
+        pareto_within(&vec![4, 4], &frontier1, &frontier2),
         PointCompareFrontiers::Within
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        vec![4, 0].within(&frontier1, &frontier2),
+        pareto_within(&vec![4, 0], &frontier1, &frontier2),
         PointCompareFrontiers::Within
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        vec![5, 4].within(&frontier1, &frontier2),
+        pareto_within(&vec![5, 4], &frontier1, &frontier2),
         PointCompareFrontiers::Above
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        vec![1, 2].within(&frontier1, &frontier2),
+        pareto_within(&vec![1, 2], &frontier1, &frontier2),
         PointCompareFrontiers::Below
     );
 }